Pronumele

Pronumele sunt cuvinte care desemneaza o persoana sau inlocuiesc un substantiv, referindu-se la o fiinta, idee, obiect sau o actiune despre care s-a mentionat anterior sau care este cunoscuta de catre interlocutor.

Dupa continut si functie, pronumele pot fi:

Personale
Reflexive si de intarire
Demonstrative
Nehotarate
Relative
Interogative
Reciproce

1. Pronumele personal

Cazul Nominativ (cu functie de subiect):

I (eu)
You (tu, dumneata, dumneavoastra)
He (el)
She (ea)
It (el, ea - neutru, pentru nume de obiecte, lucruri, animale)
We (noi)
You (voi, dumneavoastra)
They (ei, ele, dumnealor)

Exemple:
I am a big girl. (Eu sunt o fata mare.)
He lives near the school. (El locuieste langa scoala.)
We like chocolate very much. (Noua ne place ciocolata foarte mult.)
Do you like football? (Tie iti place fotbalul?)

Cazul Genitiv (cu functie de nume predicativ):

Mine (al meu, a mea)
Yours (al tau, a ta)
His (a lui)
Hers (a ei)
Its (a lui, a ei - neutru)
Ours (al nostru, a noastra)
Yours (al vostru, a voastra)
Theirs ( a lor)

Exemple:
This book is mine. (Aceasta carte este a mea.)
Yours is on the shelf. (A ta este pe raft.)
It is John's shirt. It is his. (Este camasa lui John. Este a lui.)
That dress is Mary's. It is hers. (Acea rochie este a lui Mary. Este a ei.)
I made that pie for my friends. It is theirs. (Am gatit acea placinta pentru prietenii mei. Este a lor.)

Cazul Dativ (cu functie de complement indirect):

(to) me (mie, imi, mi)
(to) you (tie, iti, ti)
(to) him (lui, ii, i)
(to) her (ei, ii, i)
(to) it (lui, ei - neutru)
(to) us (noua, ne, ni)
(to) you (voua, va, v)
(to) them (lor, le)

Exemple:
He gave me a very nice present. (Mi-a dat un cadou foarte dragut.)
I sent you a letter last week. (Ti-am trimis o scrisoare saptamana trecuta.)
Give us some water, please! (Da-ne niste apa, te rog!)
They presented you a very interesting plan. (V-au prezentat un plan foarte interesant.)
I lent them some money. (Le-am imprumutat niste bani.)

Cazul Acuzativ (cu functie de complement direct)

Me (pe mine, ma, m)
You (pe tine, te)
Him (pe el, il, l)
Her (pe ea, o)
It (pe el, il, l, pe ea, o - neutru)
Us (pe noi, ne)
You (pe voi, va, v)
Them (pe ei, ii, i, pe ele, le)

Exemple:
My mother saw me in the garden. (Mama mea m-a vazut in gradina.)
I watched her on the TV. Am vazut-o la televizor.
Did you see them? (I-ai vazut?)
Andreea will meet us in the front of the theatre. (Andreea ne va intalni in fata teatrului.)
After reading the exercise, Ana resolve it in five minutes. (Dupa ce a citit exercitiul, Ana l-a rezolvat in 5 minute.)

2. Pronumele reflexiv si de intarire

Pronumele reflexive sunt cuvinte care insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci cand subiectul si complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana.

Pronumele de intarire sunt identice ca forma cu cele reflexive si insotesc substantive sau pronume personale pentru a le sublinia, a le scoate in evidenta.

myself (ma, insumi, insami)
yourself (te, insuti, insati)
himself (se, insusi)
herself (se, insesi)
itself (se, insusi, insasi (neutru)
ourselves (ne, insine, insene)
yourselves (va, insiva, inseva
themselves (se, insisi, insesi)

Exemple:
I wanted to write it myself. (Am vrut sa o scriu singur.) (Am vrut sa o scriu eu insami).)
He himself doesn't know the answer. (El insusi nu cunoaste raspunsul.)
The light will turn off itself after ten minutes. (Lumina se va stinge singura dupa zece minute.)
They bought the house themselves. (Ei si-au cumparat casa singuri.) (Ei insisi si-au cumparat casa)
You yourselves ate all the steak. (Voi insiva ati mancat toata friptura.)

3. Pronumele demonstrativ

Pronumele demonstrativ este pronumele care inlocuieste numele unui obiect si il deosebeste de alte obiecte de același fel aratand aproprierea, departarea (in spatiu sau timp) sau identitatea obiectului cu sine insuși sau cu alt obiect.

this (acesta, aceasta, asta, asta)
that (acela, aceea, ala, aia)
these (acestea, acestia, astia, astea)
those (acelea, aceia, aia, alea)

Exemple:
This is my brother. (Acesta este fratele meu.)
Those are his parents. (Aceia sunt parintii lui.)
These are delicious. (Acestea sunt delicioase.)
Did you buy that? {Tu ai cumparat aia?)
I've never seen this. (Nu am mai vazut asta niciodata.)

4. Pronumele nehotarat

Pronumele nehotarat sau nedefinit inlocuieste un substantiv fara a da indicatii precise legate de obiectul denumit de acesta.

Some, any, every se pot combina cu -one, -body, -thing pentru a obtine pronumele nehotarate.

Rezulta astfel urmatoarele pronume:
anyone (oricare)
anybody (oricine)
anything (orice)
someone (cineva)
somebody (cineva)
something (ceva)
everyone (oricare, toata lumea)
everybody (toata lumea)
everything (totul)

No poate forma pronume nehotarate impreuna cu -one, -body: nobody, no-one

ATENTIE: Pronumele nehotarate anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, no-one trebuie folosite cu un verb la singular.

Alte exemple de pronume nehotarate: enough, few, less, little, many, much, several, more, most, all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some.

Exemple:
I want something from you. (Vreau ceva de la tine.)
She didn't find anything in the fridge. (Nu a gasit nimic in frigider.)
There was no-one in the room. (Nu era nimeni in camera.)
Few will be chosen. (Putini vor fi alesi.)
Something tells me that you are wrong. (Ceva imi spune ca gresesti.)
I gave him enough to go and buy a car. (I-am dat destul sa plece si sa cumpere o masina.)
Somebody knocked at the door. (Cineva a batut la usa.)
Is there anybody in this house? (Este cineva in aceasta casa?)

5. Pronumele relativ

Pronumele relativ face referire la un substantiv sau un inlocuitor substantival mentionat anterior si leaga propozitia sau grupul de cuvinte, oferind mai multe detalii despre substantivul respectiv.

who (care)
whom/who (pe care)
whose (al (a, ai, ale) carui, careia, carora)
what (ce, ceea ce
which (care, pe care (pt. lucruri, obiecte ...)
that (care)
whoever (oricine, oricare)

Exemple:
My brother, who is a doctor, lives in Bucharest. (Fratele meu, care este doctor, locuieste in Bucuresti.)
Tom, whose car was stolen, bought another one last week. (Tom, a carui masina a fost furata, a cumparat alta saptamana trecuta.)
I found a dog that was lost. (Am gasit un caine care se pierduse.)
I didn't like what I saw. (Nu mi-a placut ce am vazut.)
I picked all the leaves which fell. (Am cules toate frunzele care au cazut.)
The coach will select whomever he pleases. (Antrenorul il va alege pe oricine va dori.)
He said whatever had in mind. (A spus orice avea in minte.)
Whoever crosses the line first will win the race. (Oricine va trece primul linia va castiga cursa.)

6. Pronumele interogativ

Pronumele interogative sunt cuvinte care introduc intrebari, propozitii interogative directe sau indirecte.

who? (cine?)
whom? who? (pe cine?)
whose? (al (a, ai, ale) cui?)
what? (care?, pe care, ce?)
which? (pe care dintre? care dintre)

Exemple:
Whom did you see last Sunday? (Pe cine ai vazut duminica trecuta?)
Whose shoes are those? (Ai cui sunt pantofii aceia?)
What are you doing? (Ce faci?)
Which do you like more? (Care iti place mai mult?)
I don't remember to whom I gave my blouse. (Nu imi aduc aminte cui i-am dat bluza.)
I already told him what I know about it. (I-am spus deja ceea ce stiam despre asta.)

7. Pronumele reciproc

Pronumele reciproce se folosesc pentru a exprima relatii de reciprocitate intre fiinte, idei si lucruri.

Au urmatoarele forme:
each other (unul altuia, reciproc)
one another (unul pe altul, unul pe celalalt)

Exemple:
They gave each other maps. (Ei si-au dat unul altuia harti.)
My friend and I borrowed each other's ideas. (Prietena mea si cu mine ne-am imprumutat una alteia ideile.)
The scientists often use one another's equipment. (Oamenii de stiinta isi folosesc des unul altuia echipamentul.)

Exercitii

Completeaza propozitiile urmatoare cu forma corecta a pronumelui reflexiv:

a) I enjoyed _____ at the party
b) My father didn't buy the book for _____
c) The dog cut _____ while running in the street.
d) Help _____ to some fruit, John and Mary.
e) We saw _____ in the snow.
Completeaza propozitiile de mai jos cu forma corecta a pronumelui posesiv:

a) This is my cat. It is _______
b) That is his lamp. It is _______
c) These are our maps. They are _______
d) Those are their shoes. They are _______
e) This is her shirt. It is _______
Completeaza corect spatiile goale cu unul dintre pronumele din paranteze:

a) I saw Mr. Thompson _____ is John's father. (that, who, which)
b) _____ did you meet last week, John or Steve? (which, who, whose)
c) Puffy, _____ is a big cat, is very lazy. (which, who, whose)
d) _____ are you doing? (whom, what, that)
e) _____ is going with you at the theatre? (who, that, whom)
Completeaza cu pronumele personal corect. Atentie la cuvintele din paranteze:

Exemplu:
_____ is reading the newspaper. (My father)

Raspuns:
He is reading the newspaper.
El citeste ziarul.

a) _____ is walking in the garden. (your sister)
b) _____ are cooking an apple-pie. (my mother and I)
c) _____ is from Timisoara. (Andreea)
d) _____ has a brother and a sister. (Daniel)
e) _____ are eating a big cake. (My friends)
Inlocuieste cuvintele subliniate cu pronumele corect din cele 3 variante:

Exemplu:
My mother is writing a letter to grandmother.
Mama mea scrie o scrisoare bunicei.
1) me;
2) him;
3) her.

Raspuns:
My mother is writing a letter to her.
Mama mea ii scrie o scrisoare.

a) Tom is drawing a flower for his brother.
Tom deseneaza o floare pentru fratele lui.
1) she;
2) him;
3) he.

b) I am organizing a surprise party for his parents.
Eu organizez o petrecere surpriza pentru parintii lui.
1) our;
2) them;
3) they.

c) I don't know the answer.
Nu cunosc raspunsul.
1) he;
2) she;
3) it.

d) Can you help your friends with this exercise?
Iti poti ajuta prietenii cu acest exercitiu?
1) them;
2) our;
3) yours.

e) Can you visit Sally this weekend?
O poti vizita pe Sally in acest weekend?
1) her;
2) she;
3) it.
Alege forma corecta a pronumelui reflexiv din lista de mai jos:

myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself - ourselves - yourselves - themselves

a) I wrote this letter _____
b) His grandmother often talks to _____
c) Dana and Andreea picked the mushrooms _____
d) Please help _____ with some pie!
e) He did the homework _____
f) The lion can defend _____
g) We cleaned _____ the house.
Scrie pronumele (personale, reflexive, nehotarate, demonstrative, relative, interogative) din paranteze, in acord cu fiecare propozitie.

a) _____ is nice. (ea)
b) Give _____ the prize. (el / ea)
c) _____ speak English. (noi)
d) _____ are flowers. (acestea)
e) Have you seen _____?(pe ei)
f) This is _____ book. (a ta)
g) The dog _____ barked is Puffy. (care)
h) Is there _____ in the room? (cineva)
i) The earth is for _____. (oricine)
j) Let's buy _____ a car. (noi insine)
Tradu in limba romana urmatoarele propozitii:

a) We often sing in the bathroom.
b) I did this myself.
c) Those are my best friends.
d) Have you seen anybody in the school?
e) I loved the song that you sang.
f) Everyone knew the story.
g) Come with us.
h) Whose are these books?
Tradu in limba engleza urmatoarele propozitii:

a) Noi mergem la scoala in fiecare dimineata.
b) Eu ma trezesc la ora 08:00.
c) Ai vazut ceva la piata?
d) Ana merge singura la opera.
e) El va da premiul oricui va dori.
f) Care este parerea ta?
g) Care este filmul tau preferat?
h) Nimeni nu citise poezia.
Alege pronumele corect: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, each other.

a) Mary and Andrew haven't met _____ for a long time.
b) My friends enjoyed _____ at the party.
c) I bought _____ a new camera.
d) Victor, did you do the Physics homework _____?
e) People often give _____ presents at Christmas.
f) Dana often thinks at _____
g) We helped _____ with our report.
h) Thomas repaired the car _____

Exercitii rezolvate

Completeaza propozitiile urmatoare cu forma corecta a pronumelui reflexiv:

a) I enjoyed myself at the party
M-am distrat la petrecere.

b) My father didn't buy the book for himself.
Tatal meu nu si-a cumparat cartea pentru el.

c) The dog cut itself while running in the street.
Cainele s-a taiat in timp ce alerga pe strada.

d) Help yourselves to some fruit, John and Mary.
Serviti-va cu niste fructe, John si Mary!

e) We saw ourselves in the snow.
Ne-am vazut in zapada.
Completeaza propozitiile de mai jos cu forma corecta a pronumelui posesiv:

a) This is my cat. It is mine.
Aceasta este pisica mea. Este a mea.

b) That is his lamp. It is his.
Aceea este lampa lui. Este a lui.

c) These are our maps. They are ours.
Acestea sunt hartile noastre. Sunt ale noastre.

d) Those are their shoes. They are theirs.
Aceia sunt pantofii lor. Sunt ai lor.

e) This is her shirt. It is hers.
Aceasta este camasa ei. Este a ei.
Completeaza corect spatiile goale cu unul dintre pronumele din paranteze:

a) I saw Mr. Thompson who is John's father. (that, who, which)
L-am vazut pe dl. Thompson care este tatal lui John.

b) Who did you meet last week, John or Steve? (which, who, whose)
Pe cine ai intalnit saptamana trecuta, pe John sau pe Steve?

c) Puffy, which is a big cat, is very lazy. (which, who, whose)
Puffy, care este o pisica mare, este foarte lenesa.

d) What are you doing? (whom, what, that)
Ce faci?

e) Who is going with you at the theatre? (who, that, whom)
Cine merge cu tine la teatru?
Completeaza cu pronumele personal corect. Atentie la cuvintele din paranteze:

a) She is walking in the garden. (your sister)
Ea se plimba prin gradina.

b) We are cooking an apple-pie. (my mother and I)
Noi gatim o placinta cu mere.

c) She is from Timisoara. (Andreea)
Ea este din Timisoara.

d) He has a brother and a sister. (Daniel)
El are un frate si o sora.

e) They are eating a big cake. (My friends)
Ei mananca un tort mare.
Inlocuieste cuvintele subliniate cu pronumele corect din cele 3 variante:

a) Tom is drawing a flower for him.
Tom deseneaza o floare pentru el.

b) I am organizing a surprise party for them.
Eu organizez o petrecere surpriza pentru ei.

c) I don't know it.
Nu il cunosc.

d) Can you help them with this exercise?
Ii poti ajuta cu acest exercitiu?

e) Can you visit her this weekend?
O poti vizita in acest weekend?
Alege forma corecta a pronumelui reflexiv din lista de mai jos:

myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself - ourselves - yourselves - themselves

a) I wrote this letter myself.
Am scris aceasta scrisoare eu insami.

b) His grandmother often talks to herself.
Bunica lui vorbeste deseori cu sine insasi.

c) Dana and Andreea picked the mushrooms themselves.
Dana si Andreea au cules ciuperci ele insesi.

d) Please help yourself with some pie!
Te rog serveste-te cu niste placinta!

e) He did the homework himself.
Si-a facut tema el insusi.

f) The lion can defend itself.
Leul se poate apara el insusi.

g) We cleaned ourselves the house.
Noi insine am curatat casa.
Scrie pronumele (personale, reflexive, nehotarate, demonstrative, relative, interogative) din paranteze, in acord cu fiecare propozitie.

a) She is nice.
Ea este draguta.

b) Give him the prize.
Da-i lui premiul.

c) We speak English.
Noi vorbim engleza.

d) These are flowers.
Acestea sunt flori.

e) Have you seen them?
I-ai vazut?

f) This is your book.
Aceasta este cartea ta.

g) The dog that barked is Puffy.
Cainele care a latrat este Puffy.

h) Is there anyone in the room?
Este cineva in camera?

i) The earth is for everyone.
Pamantul este pentru toata lumea.

j) Let?s buy ourselves a car.
Hai sa ne cumparam noi insine o masina.
Tradu in limba romana urmatoarele propozitii:

a) We often sing in the bathroom.
Noi cantam deseori in baie.

b) I did this myself.
Eu insami/insumi am facut asta.

c) Those are my best friends.
Aceia sunt prietenii mei cei mai buni.

d) Have you seen anybody in the school?
Ai vazut pe cineva in scoala?

e) I loved the song that you sang.
Mi-a placut cantecul pe care l-ai cantat.

f) Everyone knew the story.
Toata lumea stia povestea.

g) Come with us.
Vino cu noi.

h) Whose are these books?
Ale cui sunt cartile acestea?
Tradu in limba engleza urmatoarele propozitii:

a) Noi mergem la scoala in fiecare dimineata.
We go to school every morning.

b) Eu ma trezesc la ora 08:00.
I wake up at 8 o'clock.

c) Ai vazut ceva la piata?
Did you see anything at the market?

d) Ana merge singura la opera.
Ana goes by herself at the opera.

e) El va da premiul oricui va dori.
He will give the prize to whomever he wishes.

f) Care este parerea ta?
What is your opinion?

g) Care este filmul tau preferat?
Which is your favourite movie?

h) Nimeni nu citise poezia.
No-one read the poem.
Alege pronumele corect: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, each other.

a) Mary and Andrew haven't met each other for a long time.
Mary si Andrew nu s-au mai intalnit unul cu celalalt de mult timp.

b) My friends enjoyed themselves at the party.
Prietenii mei s-au distrat la petrecere.

c) I bought myself a new camera.
Eu insami mi-am cumparat o camera noua.

d) Victor, did you do the Physics homework yourself?
Victor, ti-ai facut tema la fizica tu insuti?

e) People often give each other presents at Christmas.
Lumea isi ofera des cadouri unul altuia de Craciun.

f) Dana often thinks at herself.
Dana se gandeste des la ea insasi.

g) We helped each other with our report.
Ne-am ajutat reciproc cu raportul nostru.

h) Thomas repaired the car himself.
Thomas a reparat el insusi masina.